Development and evaluation of an automated tree detection–delineation algorithm for monitoring regenerating coniferous forests

نویسنده

  • D. A. Pouliot
چکیده

An algorithm is presented for automated detection–delineation of coniferous tree regeneration that combines strategies of several existing algorithms, including image processing to isolate conifer crowns, optimal image scale determination, initial crown detection, and crown boundary segmentation and refinement. The algorithm is evaluated using 6-cm pixel airborne imagery in operational regeneration conditions typically encountered in the boreal forest 5–10 years after harvest. Detection omission and commission errors as well as an accuracy index combining both error types were assessed on a tree by tree basis, on an aggregated basis for each study area, in relation to tree size and the amount of woody competition present. Delineation error was assessed in a similar manner using field-measured crown diameters as a reference. The individual tree detection accuracy index improved with increasing tree size and was >70% for trees larger than 30 cm crown diameter. Crown diameter absolute error measured from automated delineations was <23%. Large crown diameters tended to be slightly underestimated. The presence of overtopping woody competition had a negligible effect on detection accuracy and only reduced estimates of crown diameter slightly. Résumé : Cet article présente un algorithme pour la détection et la délinéation automatique de la régénération de conifères. Il combine les stratégies de plusieurs algorithmes existants incluant le traitement d’image pour isoler la cime des conifères, la détermination de l’échelle optimale de l’image, la détection préliminaire de la cime et la segmentation du contour de la cime avec son raffinement. L’algorithme est évalué en utilisant l’imagerie aérienne avec des pixels de 6 cm dans des conditions opérationnelles de régénération typiquement rencontrées en forêt boréale cinq à dix ans après la récolte. Les erreurs d’omission et de commission ainsi qu’un indice de précision combinant les deux types d’erreurs ont été analysés individuellement pour chaque arbre et pour des regroupements d’arbres dans chaque aire d’étude en relation avec la taille des arbres et le nombre de compétiteurs présents. L’erreur de délinéation a été analysée de façon similaire en utilisant le diamètre des cimes mesurées sur le terrain comme référence. L’indice de précision pour la détection des individus augmente avec la taille de l’arbre et dépasse 70 % pour les arbres dont la cime a plus de 30 cm de diamètre. L’erreur absolue de délinéation automatique du diamètre de la cime est inférieure à 23 %. Les grands diamètres de cime tendent à être sous-estimés. La présence de compétiteurs qui surpassent la régénération a un effet négligeable sur la précision de détection et réduit seulement légèrement les valeurs estimées du diamètre des cimes. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Pouliot et al. 2345

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تاریخ انتشار 2005